Just War Theory Essay

The Just War theory consists of 6 rules, which have to be obeyed when fighting at war against another country. The six rules are that war must be a last resort, those who are attacked deserve it, promote good over evil, the right amount of force must be applied, civilian death have to be avoided and the war must be started and controlled by the government. Wars such as the one in Afghanistan, do not in many ways follow this theory. The war does not in any ways promote good over evil and civilian death are never avoided, as many innocent civilians are killed when getting caught in the middle of cross-fires etc. I will conduct a case study on the Iraq war, further on in this essay. If I was able to add one extra agreement to the Just War theory, I would add that violence should always be kept to a minimum. I think this because violence causes the world’s most deaths in society today. This, in my opinion, is completely wrong and unacceptable as people should be able to live in a safe and free society, but this is never possible as you always have to be watching around you, as with some cases, you don’t know actually who to trust. To conduct a case study on the Iraq war, you would need to study the background history leading up to the start of the war in 2002-2003. Tony Blair (ex-prime minister) believed that Iraq were making nuclear weapons to lock themselves in a nuclear arms race, which could have potentially caused devastating consequences for the region and the wider world in general. This accusation caused the British and US forces to move in and declare a war with Iraq. British government believed that Iraq should not be allowed to develop nuclear weapons, and this is why Blair confronted Saddam Hussain (Iraq leader) to try to find out facts, and this ended in Blair declaring war with Iraq. Several years on now, in 2010, we now have a clear understanding that there was never any nuclear weapons out in Iraq, and in my opinion, we are fighting a war which was never ours and we are losing people in our country and society which lives should have never been lost in the first place. Shouldn’t we be only at war to help benefit our country? This is why some people send accusations and believe that Tony Blair is the one to blame for our British soldiers losing their lives out in Iraq. When you come down to think about it, the Just War theory comes into effect at only one point in the Iraq war. ‘War is started and controlled by the government’ comes into effect as the British government started the war and are still controlling it, 8 years after war was declared. The point that was never followed was ‘those who are attacked deserve it’. I believe this because in my opinion, we are in Iraq and we are attacking for no reason, as there is nothing which could benefit our country in any way. The Iraq war also does not promote good over evil, as in my opinion, how can going to war, ever promote good? Wouldn’t going to war be a bad thing and God would be against it? But on the other hand, the good of society would never go to war in the first place; you would only see evil at war. War should be avoided, using whatever ways possible. Â  

Recording analysing and using HR information Essay

The below note will give you a brief information about the way the organisation’s approach to collecting, sorting and using HR data. This was divided into the following: 1) Two reasons why the organization needs to collect HR data: a) â€Å"to be able to retrieve information whenever it is needed. For example each organisation has to keep accurate records or information of their employees in order to be able to use this information for planning ahead (†¦) b) a legal requirement, for instance in order to be able to make accurate tax returns to the government† [1] 2) Two types of data that is collected within the organization and how each supports HR practices: a) sickness records: this type of data/report may be collected periodically (monthly or quarterly) and compared or analysed against each employee’s attendance records. This helps the human resources to manage the attendance record of the organisation accurately and inform line managers of the constant attendance offenders (†¦) b) the contact details for each employee especially home address. This is essential if a correspondence needs to be sent out to each employee, such as contract, payslips, pensions† [2] 3) A description of at least two methods of sorting records and the benefits of each: a) manual method: â€Å"paper-based items such as employees’ original application forms, contracts of employment and any other documentation – letters, references, and so on – that relate to employment. Such records should be systematically field for security purposes and ease of access to authorized users. (†¦) b) electronically method: (†¦) not only can absence turnover, pay and training be monitored easily, but specific programs on human resource planning, psychometric testing, employee development and appraisals can be used to help make relevant decisions. Databases containing employee details can be a real time-saver when it comes to working out pay awards, statistics on how many people have been trained who is due for retirement and so on (†¦) Both of those methods help in strategic decision-making, support services to line managers, (†¦) provides information when decisions need to be made about the future of an individual employee† [3] 4) A statement of at least two essential items of UK legislation relating to the recording, storage and accessibility of HR data a) Data Protection Act (1998) â€Å"processed fairly and lawfully and shall not be processed unless certain conditions are met obtained only for specified and lawful purposes adequate, relevant and not excessive (†¦) accurate and up to date kept for no longer than in necessary processed in accordance with the rights granted under the DPA98 kept securely not transferred to a country without adequate data protection†[4] b) Freedom of Information Act 2000: â€Å"provides public access to information held by public authorities. It does this in two ways: Public authorities are obliged to publish certain information about their activities; and Members of the public are entitled to request information from public authorities.† [5] Part B493 This section analyses Absence Management in Private Sector in 2014. The information is based on the CIPD Survey Report, published in November 2014. The report concentrates on analysing data for organisations on absence as well as a focus on employee well-being. Additionally the report says, about the impact of government initiatives on absence management. The report was divided into the following sections: 1) Absence level: It has reduced considerably. The average level has fallen by 1.7 days this year compared with last. (Figure 1) Length of absence: nearly  ¾ of absence are short-term (up to 7 days), 14% of absence are long-term (up to 4 weeks) (Table 6) a) short-term absence: based on the vast majority 85% minor illness musculoskeletal injuries back pain home/family responsibilities stress mental ill-health (Table 10) 1/3 of private sector organisations reported increase in stress-related absence. The reasons of it are: high workloads, non-work relationships/family and management style. 2/5 of private services organisations report an increase in mental health problems Solutions: with regards to stress absence: management training and training to build personal resilience, flexible working options/improved work-life balance with regards to mental ill-health: counseling, flexible working options/improved work-life balance and employee assistance programmers,  training to line managers to effectively manage and support staff b) long-term absence: acute conditions (stroke, heart attack, cancer) stress musculoskeletal injuries mental ill health back pain (Table 13) Solutions: change the working patterns or environment to enable people to stay in or return to work, flexible working arrangements The vast majorities of organisations have a written absence/attendance management policy, record their employee absence rate collect information on the causes of absence and provide one or more well-being benefits. Developing line managers’ capability to manage absence (2014: 56% of those that made changes; 2013: 33%) This was achieved by an increased focus on attendance strategies and the fact that some organisations are developing line managers capability, from 39% (2013) to 61% (2014) 2) Cost of absence: It has increased compared with last year: 2014 –  £520 2013 –  £467 (Figure 2) 3) Approaches to absence management: a) short-term: return-to-work interviews (the most effective method) trigger mechanisms to revive attendance disciplinary procedures for unacceptable absence giving sickness absence information to line managers (Table 25) b) long-term: return-to-work interviews risk assessments to aid return to work occupational health involvement (table 26) 4) Government plan: 1/5 of organisations plan to access the new government Independent Assessment and Advisory Service (now called the Fit for Work Scheme). Summery: Most private sector employers believe they could decrease their absence levels. Organisations themselves need to ensure that they understand the cost of absence to help galvanise senior management support for addressing absence issues. Regular monitoring, review and act on the data they collect regarding the level and causes of absence, to ensure their approach to absence and well-being is relevant to their organisation’s specific issues. Clearly is essential to develop line managers in managing short-term absence. [6] Bibliography: [1] Why Organisations Need Data – College Essays – Oluwatayo. 2014. Why Organisations Need Data – College Essays – Oluwatayo. [ONLINE] Available at: http://www.studymode.com/essays/Why-Organisations-Need-Data-1001107.html. [Accessed 30 December 2014]. [2] Why Organisations Need Data – College Essays – Oluwatayo. 2014. Why Organisations Need Data – College Essays – Oluwatayo. [ONLINE] Available at: http://www.studymode.com/essays/Why-Organisations-Need-Data-1001107.html. [Accessed 30 December 2014]. [3] Introduction to Human Resource Management A Guide to HR in Practice, Charles Leatherbarow, Janet Fletcher, Donald Currie, Published by CIPD, 2013, page 77-78 [4] Introduction to Human Resource Management A Guide to HR in Practice, Charles Leatherbarow, Janet Fletcher, Donald Currie, Published by CIPD, 2013, page 392 [5] What is the Freedom of Information Act? | ICO. 2014. What is the Freedom of Information Act? | ICO. [ONLINE] Available at: https://ico.org.uk/for-organisations/guide-to-freedom-of-information/what-is-the-foi-act/. [Accessed 30 December 2014]. [6] http://www.cipd.co.uk/binaries/absence-management_2014.pdf

Computer and Securiy Era Research Paper Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 750 words

Computer and Securiy Era - Research Paper Example 2). This urged the computer professional to think about computer security and a need to create system protecting mechanisms and installing layers of security between the computers of different users. During this time, the concept of protection ring was evolved which is a hierarchical protection domain, that mainly uses hardware resources with some CPU architectures to add security within any system. During 1970s, the computer security field was formally taken for research. Two famous research reports were published in this era (Gollmann, 2011, p. 3). The first one was produced by Willis Ware, who talked about the technical foundations of computer security and also included analysis of the policy requirements of applications. Another report was published by Anderson, which focused on the design of secure computer systems for protecting classified information, such as US defense sector. Thus, the decade of 1970 can be called one of the most important decades in the history of computer security (Gollmann, 2011, p. 6). This was a time when new technologies were being heavily introduced in form of different kinds of applications and hardware resources. These new technologies were creating real issue regarding computer security. For the protection of public and defense data, implementing encryption was seen by government a comprehensive solution for securing computer memory and on backup media. The US Federal Bureau of Standards asked IBM for a data encryption standard, in response of which, the company came up with an algorithm, calling it â€Å"Data Encryption Standard†. The algorithm processes and encryption was then widely discussed in public forums. The birth of cryptography took place. The encryption processes and algorithms were improved by time. The encryption also gives the basic concept and idea of HTTP, HTML and XML, which are extremely important components of the internet (Gollmann, 2011, p. 8). After the introduction of Personal Computers, the

Complexity and Contradiction in Architecture Essay

Complexity and Contradiction in Architecture - Essay Example Accordingly, we will have to see everything logical as a violation of these rules. This chapter is, an interesting parallel, with Robert Venturi - who, it turns out, also was speaking in "Complexity and Contradiction in Architecture" about rules of the absurd exactly - and about the need to respect them. Venturi contemplates the "complex" and "contradictory" ways architecture relates to people, cultural contexts, and its own history. The "Both-And" is the mainstream of architecture away from modernism. In this chapter, "Contradictory Levels: The Phenomenon of "Both-And" in Architecture", he called for an architectural tension arising from perceptual ambiguity - an ambiguity engendered by what he termed a "both/and" style. The both/and concept requires an excess of both form and meaning in order to create a complex, contradictory architecture: "It can include elements that are both good and awkward, big and little, closed and open, continuous and articulated, round and square, structu ral and spatial." In this chapter, he prefers "both-and" to "either-or," black and white, and sometimes gray, to black or white. A valid architecture evokes many levels of meaning and combinations of focus: its space and its elements become readable and workable in several ways at once.

Accounting - Dissertation Proposal - Corporate Social Responsibility; Research - 1

Accounting - Dissertation - Corporate Social Responsibility; Growth of CSR Reporting in Compliance with IFRS, Case of Kuwait - Research Proposal Example Looking significantly at what has been noted about corporate non-financial reporting, it becomes evident that there is substantial variability on how scholars and organizations perceive this process. The number of experiential studies on the corporate social responsibility reporting is significantly increasing and more and more thorough content analysis of the corporate reports that are published has been implemented with the views that originate from the stakeholders, economic theories with an economic nature, information economics and also risk management. The universal position that has been documented in most books is that corporate social responsibility reporting enhances accountability.3 Many writers are of the opinion that legitimacy theory provides and a frame that is descriptive in terms of social and environmental disclosure. In terms of the number of corporate social reports, there is increasing agreement that a variety of features are linked with larger revelation of environmental information via corporate communications. These factors basically include: the size of the firm, the financial performance, media exposure and also being subject to regulatory proceedings. The main purpose of this study is to appreciate the growth corporate social responsibility reporting that is in compliance with IFRS across Kuwait and to expose the differences and similarities that may exist in the ways that corporate social responsibility information is revealed as well as the activities that are related to corporate social responsibility. Within this aim that had been identified, there are some objectives that will be addressed which will include identifying the variations in form and the main features of corporate social responsibility reports, distinguishing the issues that are divulged when the report comes out and disclosing and analyzing the differences in corporate social responsibility reporting and propose their possible underlying

Experimental versus Non-Experimental Research Assignment

Experimental versus Non-Experimental Research - Assignment Example They produce different research results and findings and this helps to draw conclusions and different responses to given studies. The purpose of this study is to compare and contrast experimental and non-experimental quantitative research approaches. In order to complete this research, the following objectives are going to be explored: Quantitative research is a systematic empirical investigation of a given social phenomenon and it employs various statistical and mathematical techniques to define the variables and measure them in order to draw a conclusion (Nykiel, 2012). Quantitative research is an empirical research that seeks to use mathematical and other statistical methods to evaluate a given research topic. Quantitative research involves the development of an appropriate method and an appropriate approach to study a given phenomenon. Measurement is a distinct and unique aspect of quantitative research. This is because quantitative research involves finding ways and means to measure a given set of data objectively in order to draw a conclusion on the research variables (Carter & Thomas, 2010). This is done by formulating a hypothesis and evaluating the hypothesis through the observation of specific elements and aspects of interest (Macnee & McCabe, 2012). Therefore, there is the need for some kind of variables that can be numerically measured and analyzed in order to draw a conclusion on the subjects at hand and the matter being studied. Therefore, quantitative research is an empirical observation and a mathematical expression of the relationship between the variables (Lodico, Spaulding, & Voegtle, 2012). The main approach that is used in quantitative research is to define a hypothesis and operationalize the research. Operationalization of a research is done through the definition of variables and putting the variables in a way and manner in which they can be measured and matched against each other.  Ã‚  

The Gender Wage Gap in America Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 250 words

The Gender Wage Gap in America - Essay Example Your thesis gives the first premise, the second premise is appropriately missing, and the conclusion is well stated. I, however, cannot find disagreement in your thesis and I think you should have how all Americans will benefit from the bridging of the gender wage gap. I agree with your rebuttals that women are still the primary caregivers and tend to take more flexible jobs and that women tend to make occupational choices differently from men (2). I, however, must add that the issue of occupational choices is caused by socialization. Most women are socialized to believe that they cannot handle tough jobs which are a preserve for the males. Accordingly, such women choose to pursue less demanding jobs, which equally have lower pay. The essay should be more accommodative to readers that may view this issue differently. You should lay more emphasis on how gender-based discrimination in wages affects every American whether male or female. You need to let the men know that you’re n ot blaming them for the issue, but the system instead. You should not make them feel responsible for the plight of women in terms of poor wages. I appreciate that you have used various sentence structures. There are simple, compound, and complex sentences in the essay. Your ideas are flowing nicely. I, however think you should have addressed the issues that have led to gender-based wages in consecutive paragraphs without introducing the idea of racially discriminative wages. The essay should be more accommodative to readers.

Budget vs Comprehensive Annual Financial Report (CAFR) Essay

Budget vs Comprehensive Annual Financial Report (CAFR) - Essay Example The budget portion within the CAFR comprises of what was predicted and even what actually happened in terms of monetary expenditure and income. The CAFR even comprises of investments that the government has made and these investments are details in different categories and it even comprises of the ending balance of investments that occurred in prior years. On the other hand a budget can be regarded as a map created by the government and this map comprises of spending that might be made by different governmental organizations over a particular year (Hou, 2013). It comprises of both revenues as well as the expenditure that different governmental units such as schools, defense services and other units spend and collect over a particular year. These budgets are created while keeping in mind the spending and revenues that were disbursed and collected by the governmental agencies in prior

Gender roles. Roles of Men and Women in Society Essay

Gender roles. Roles of Men and Women in Society - Essay Example II. The biological make up of an individual within a society has long been used to determine how that person should behave †¢ Biology is not necessarily a determining factor in gender roles †¢ In many of the societies today, there is a tendency to ascribe roles according to the biological makeup of the individuals within them †¢ Men were given the positions of power, not because they could do better than women, but because of their biological makeup III. The society plays a major role in determining the gender roles of the individuals within it †¢ The parents of a large number of people in society determine the gender roles of their children and rigidly enforce them. †¢ Society is a powerful force in the lives of the individuals within it †¢ It is often extremely difficult for individuals to go against the roles which have been set for them by their own societies IV. Culture is another major factor that determines the gender roles of individuals in the societies within which they live. †¢ There are many different cultures around the world and each has its own expectations about what roles the members of each sex should undertake †¢ Other cultures cannot be judged according to the western standards because of the fact that while there may be similar cultures, there are others which are completely different †¢ In a globalized culture, men and women are considered to be equal and tend to be given equal opportunities, with each sex performing those tasks which were traditionally reserved for the other V. The various roles that are ascribed to the various genders are mostly determined by the society within which individuals live as well as by its culture. Biology only acts as a marker to determine how the society is going to socialize an individual to behave and it is not in itself a definer of gender roles Within the modern world, gender roles are starting to become insignificant Women can take up the roles traditionally reserved for men with the same efficiency and the reverse has also been proven to be true The gender roles are today slowly becoming blurred and they may cease to exist altogether in future It is a fact that gender roles have existed for almost as long as the human race has existed and it is quite possible that they will continue to exist in the foreseeable future. T hey are a part of the daily lives of individuals and are manifested within the society by observable factors such as how one behaves or appear. Gender roles can be considered to be patterns of feelings deemed appropriate or inappropriate because of one’s gender and they derive from the social expectations of how members of the different genders whether male or female, should behave. An example of this is if a person considers themselves to be female, then she would be expected to display the characteristics which are typically associated with being female, such as being gentle, dependent and expressive of their feelings. There are various factors that are used to determine the gender roles in society and the most important of these are biological, social, and cultural factors. One would state that the biological make up of an individual within a society has long been used to determine how that person should behave. However, there is yet to be proof of the fact that whether on e is male or female, he or she is born with the innate knowledge of the characteristics that are often ascribed to their gender (Zosuls et al 827). In

Animal Farm Essay Example for Free

Animal Farm Essay This is shown perfectly in Animal Farm. In the beginning animals went against Mr. Jones due to the way they were being treated. The animals felt that the farmers received all the goods for the work they did. So they created a government named Animalism, based on the Old Major’s vision. In Animalism, there are no owners, no rich, but no poor, workers got a better life, and all animals are equal. The animals established the Seven Commandments, which were laws created by the pigs to protect animals. The goals of the government were also set up. The goals said that everyone was equal, there would be more food and sleep for all, there was to be respect for all animals, and they would build a windmill to make life better for all. All this didnt exist by the end of the book. The animals were getting less sleep, less food, and less respect. The windmill became a source of money for the leaders, not for all the animals. The seven commandments were gradually changed to suit the just the pigs until there was only one commandment left. This commandment said that some animals are more equal than others. This was the exact opposite of what they originally intended to achieve. Animalism no longer existed. The pigs began by to act more like humans, whilst at the same time changing the meaning or literally changing the laws. At the start they managed to change the meaning of all animals are equal, by asserting themselves as the â€Å"brain-workers† and taking the milk and apples. Over the years they start trading with animals, drinking alcohol, sleeping in beds, making animals enemies and killing animals. Napoleon also becomes an egomaniac and has a food taster, has dogs to guard him at all times, gun is fired on his birthday, etc. this just goes on to show how he is becoming more like a human. Later on the remaining pigs also took up whips, walked on hind legs, started to wear clothes and played cards. The pigs have now taken up the role of a dictator and rule through force via the dogs, propaganda via Squealer and using the sheep’s new slogan – â€Å"four legs good, two legs better†, which destroys the whole meaning of the of the rebellion. Napoleon only cares about his wellbeing and getting as much power as possible. This is evident when he starts doing business with the humans just to get more money and when he sells Boxer to the horse slaughter for money for alcohol. The final commandment stands as a great example of how those in power manipulate language as an instrument of control. . At the beginning of the novel, the idea of â€Å"more equal† would not only have seemed contrary to the democratic socialist spirit of Animal Farm, it would have seemed logically impossible. But after years of violence, hunger, dishonesty, and fear, the spirit of Animal Farm seems lost to a distant past. Could anyone give some constructive criticism on this essay please?

Analysing The Type Of Curriculum Which Is Better English Language Essay

Analysing The Type Of Curriculum Which Is Better English Language Essay Education system is various in different countries and its strategies for effective learning are not the same. For example, American education mostly focuses on learning skill while education in Vietnam favors in learning the core of knowledge. In the article We should cherish Our Childrens Freedom to Think, by Kie Ho, Ho supports his opinion on learning skill in America that gives students benefits in creativities, freedom, and motivation much than it does in Indonesia. In contrast, according to E.D. Hirsch in Teach Knowledge, Not Mental Skills states that core- knowledge is more effective than learning skill. Learning skill is not consistent and so vague while core knowledge is not. With Core knowledge, students will learn the same foundation, so teacher can lead them forward. With me, I used to attend schools in Vietnam and have now been attending in an American school. I preferred learning skill method because it gives me the ways to learn something effectively in creativities, f reedom, and motivation. The most important thing that learning skill in the U.S becomes effective is freedom. Freedom means that people can freely write, speak and create. In the independent country, America, people have the right to expose their ideas or criticize things freely. As long as Americans do not commit any illegal action, they can criticize anyone, even the president, without taking any sequences. Why will freedom rarely take place in other countries, such as Vietnam? The reason is because Vietnamese dont really have freedom. In Vietnam, people should not do bad thing, such as they cannot speak or write something badly to government or country. If yes, people will be able to be forced in the jails. Of course, it is unpatriotic, so it will able to affect the survival of a country. For example, I read news regarding propel, but I did not remember where I got it. It is about that a group in Vietnam incited citizens against to government. Moreover, they passed out and wrote something distinguished t o citizens that Vietnamese government was corrupted. Their purposes were to destroy current government and to establish a new country; as a result, they were arrested after policemen found out their plot. Therefore, they are not really freely because they cannot speak or write something that they express the ideas to outside. Like Ho, he questioned where a history student could act as Lyndon in free controversy against another student pretending to be Ho Chi Minh in any country other than America. It would be unimaginable for a Japanese student to do the same regarding Hirohito played in the World War II (2007). Without freedom, I think people cannot be allowed to create motivation. If students may not be creative, they will not exceed their knowledge. Learning Skill is creative. It gives me to invent much in study. In Vietnam, teachers always require students to memorize all materials in the books, so students cannot have opportunities to create their own ideas. For example, when I was in twelfth grade, I crammed one long three-page poem in one night. Even though I stayed up until 2:00, I could not memorize that poem at all. As a result, I failed the test the next day. On the hand, I do not have to remember all information in the U.S classes. My Intercultural Studies ( ICS5) class that I took the last quarter is an example. My ICS5 teacher taught us History of African American Art. There she gave a lot of information embodied through paintings, sculptures in her lectures. Of course, she did not ask us to learn all everything in the lectures. She only asked us to create our ideas by giving feedbacks and feelings to which paintings and sculptures she mentioned. I learned a lot from her class because she gave me interest on learning diverse ethnic, cultural, and racial heritages in History of African American Art that I have ever known. Like Ho, he has educational experiences in Indonesia. He followed the rules of teachers that he had to remember the whole Hamlets play perfectly; in contrast, his son learned it in a different way by creating a love letter to Juliet or Shakespeare. He said, When I was 18, I had to memorize Hamlets To be or not to be soliloquy flawlessly. In his English class, my son was assigned to write a love letter to Juliet, either in Shakespearean jargon or in modern lingo (Ho, 2007, p.113). In addition, he supports one more detail on creative geography. Instead of memorizing the names of all main cities in the world, his son only drafted the map which demonstrates the route- including the names of the streets, and buildings- from his house to school (Ho, 2007). I think creative skill helps student study effectively. Therefore, creative skills also motivate students to study the best. The last thing leading the effective learning skill is motivate. Motivation helps students get more actives in the study. They can freely talk, express their ideas, and make their own decision. With active motivations, they can be encouraged to finish their work successfully. Decision making is kind of active motivation as a typical example. In the U.S, students have chances to make their own decision. Students can interrupt their teachers while they are teaching. And then, they can say their decision that they are making. Also, teachers motivate students to invent something new that they have never seen. Wow, that is great to give student logically critical thinking on their decision. Consequently, that motivation barely takes place in Vietnam. Vietnamese students are so passive. It means that they are mostly silent and unmotivated in the classes. As long as teachers ask a question, students can only raise their hands and answer to questions. In addition, teachers do not have enough time to give students a chance to make their own decision. Teachers only go to class, finish their job and then give homework to students. Of course, students have to complete homework due on the certain date. So, it is the reason why students can use the best their critical thinking on solving the tough solution. According to Ho, he also points out that unlike his son, he was also obedient to teachers and had no choice to make his decisions. The only thing that Indonesian students just act is to listen and to answer only when asked, give the only correct answer as well. His son, in contrast, is very motivated. He absolutely made his own decision and got an A even though he was laughing in the class. (2007). Therefore, I like active motivation because it plays an important in the success of learning skill. In short, people can choose learning skill or core knowledge as their strategies for effective learning. However, learning skill is better I believe because it gives me freedom, creativities, and motivation. Living in the independent country, America, three main factors: freedom, creativities, and motivation are very useful. Even though American education is not considered to meet the high standard in such basic skills as mathematics, and language ( Ho, 2007, 113), I think it is enough to increase the country as a modern country with a high innovation technique.

The Case For Progress :: Technology Technological Papers

The Case For Progress This assignment doesn’t scare me. I’m tackling it with WordPerfect 9 on my nice, new VAIO Pentium 4. It’s way more powerful than that last hunk of scrap, whatever it was caled, but I’m sure it’s not nearly as amazing a s whatever they’l think of next. Progress is such an exciting thing. It boggles the mind to think that, once upon a time, man made his way through the world with nothing but sticks and stones and his wits and no WordPerfect 9. Are scientists positive t hat those guys were the same species as us? If so, we’ve certainly grown up a lot. We overcame nature, for one thing. The primitives did rain dances. We have irrigation and central heating and cooling. We’ve managed to figure out how things work. Ev en 500 years ago, people thought the universe revolved around the Earth. Now we know about atoms and quarks and general relativity and evolution, and prety soon we’l have anti -mater thrusters. Everyone just builds on what everyone before them figured out, with each discovery making it faster and easier to discover things, and progress just happens and goes faster and faster until it’s a blur, like it’s powered by anti -mater thrusters and you can hardly keep track of it! There are a lot more reasons t han irrigation to have faith in progress. Look at the comfort it’s given us. I mean, if I want pain, I have to go find it. I have to pick a fight or do stupid bike tricks until I wipe out. But if I were a caveman, I would probably be covered in tooth s cars, have a spear wound in my bely, and live every day in fear of being brain -raped by a saber -toothed tiger fang. And everything is so easy these days. If I’m hungry, do I have to go try to kill something or start planting seeds? No, I just toss some Chef Boyardee in the microwave. If I want new girlie pictures I just log onto the internet. How did people get more nudie pics hundreds of years ago, I wonder? Probably had to draw it themselves or something. Speaking of the internet, how great an exa mple is that? People used to think that there were other countries that were ful of people who were stupid or mean or backward.

The Crucible by Arthur Miller :: Essay on The Crucible

The Crucible by Arthur Miller In this essay I will be assessing Proctors dramatic confrontations. In the play The Crucible the author Arthur Miller has very strong hidden messages against 'McCarthyism', the singling out of individuals in American society and accusing them of an association with groups who are said to be against the American way of life. He expresses his thoughts indirectly instead of writing a play that directly condemns 'McCarthyism'. Miller's message is that the Salem witch trials were wrong, they were destroying innocent individuals with no real evidence. This works as an allegorical metaphor for the wrongs of 'McCarthyism'. In the play The Crucible the key events focus around the character John Proctor, who is the main character, around whom the play revolves and ultimately he is central to the plays intend message. The audience first meets John Proctor when he goes into the crowded parlour in Salem and sees Abigail Williams, who is being questioned about witchcraft. John Proctor says to her 'Ah, you're wicked yet, aren't y'. You'll be clapped in the stocks before you're twenty.' This shows he is a laid back man, who has a different approach to life than most people then, it also shows he knows Abigail well and knows what she is capable of. When John Proctor approaches Abigail you can tell she is attracted to him, as it says 'Since Proctors entrance, Abigail has stood as though on tiptoe, absorbing his presence, wide-eyed.' He is obviously attractive and has a lot of confidence. In this first dramatic confrontation you find out that Proctor has sinned and is therefore classed as a sinner, but not only against the moral fashion of the time, but against his own vision of decent conduct. Now that the audience knows he is a sinner they can relate to him as they know no one is perfect and everyone makes mistakes. As the audience it is important that you believe and be attracted to John Proctors character. Act one ends in hysteria with Abigail and Betty crying out, naming,

Decision-Making Model Essay -- essays research papers

Decision-Making Model Analysis Paper   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Throughout this paper, the values of the Six Thinking Hats will be discussed and the meanings behind the Six Hats. Six Thinking Hats’ is â€Å"used to look at decisions from a number of important perspectives. This forces you to move outside your habitual thinking style, and helps you to get a more rounded view of a situation (de Bono, 1985)†. There are five values behind the Six Thinking Hats. They are role-playing, attention direction, convenience, possible basis in brain chemistry, and rules of the game. Decision-making can be difficult, but these are decisions that are made after all the information has been provided beforehand. White Hat   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã¢â‚¬ White hat is neutral and objective. The white hat is concerned with objective facts and figures (de Bono, 1985)†. The purpose of the white hat is to focus on the data available. Look at the information given and see what can be learned from it. The person requesting the information should use focusing questions in order to obtain information or information gaps. White hat thinking is a discipline and a direction. The thinker has to strive to be more neutral and objective in the presentation of the information. Red Hat   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã¢â‚¬ Red hat suggests anger (seeing red), rage and emotions. The red hat gives the emotional view (de Bono, 1985)†. When a thinker is using the red hat there should never be any attempt to justify the feelings or to provide a logical basis for them. The purpose of the red hat is to look at problems using intuition, gut reaction, and emotion. With the red hat, this allows the thinker to say; â€Å"This is how I feel about the matter†. Black Hat   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã¢â‚¬ Black is gloomy and negative. The black hat covers the negative aspects – why it cannot be done (de Bono, 1985)†. With the black hat all the bad points of a decision has to be taken into consideration. This is the hat where the weak points are looked at my closely. This is the time when contingency plans are prepared and placed into order. The black hat points out risks, dangers, or faults in a design. The black hat is not argument, it is just an objective attempt to put negative elements on the table. Yellow Hat   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã¢â‚¬ Yellow hat is sunny and positive. The yellow hat is optimistic and covers hope... ...rpose of the different color hats is so that with each hat is up for discussion then decisions can be made at that point. For us to determine who will speak first, if you are wearing that hat color that we are discussing then that person will have the option to speak first regarding there opinion. If there are more than one person with that color on, then the person who has more red, or black or yellow etc. on then he or she goes first. Beside each hat the decision that we came up with as a group will be written down. Conclusion   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  The purpose of the six thinking hats is allowing a thinker to deal with one thing at a time. Instead of having to take care of emotions, logic, information, hope and creativity all at the same time. Being able to deal with them separately helps to come up with a more successful outcome. When thinking is clear and simple, it becomes more enjoyable and more effective. References De Bono, E., Six Thinking Hats. (1985) MICA Management Resources, Inc. Toronto, Ontario Mind Tools. Six Thinking Hats. (1995). [Online]. Available:   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  http://www.mindtools.com/pages/article/newTED_07.htm

The Last Castle – Leadership Styles

ESSEY THE LAST CASTLE This movie presents the internal structure of an organization and also a parallel between two leading styles. The leadership style of two individuals will have consequences on the people they lead and on the final of the conflict. The whole action of the movie is compressed in the elements described by Gen. Irwin at the beginning of the movie: he says that a castle must have four key elements, which include: the location, positioned on high ground, it must have protection from its enemies with a high wall, it must include the garrison (men willing to fight and kill for the castle), and lastly, a castle must have a flag, that the men have to protect by any means. These symbols truly describe the organization presented in the movie and forecast the taken over and the change of the leader. The officially named manger of the prison is Winter who is presented as the †bad guy’’ who commands its subordinates. But the true leader of the prisoners will be Gen. Irwin, presented as the â€Å"good guy† that will lead its subordinates by offering them self-respect and setting a positive example. Both of them have strong characteristics of leaders but one is dominated by negative features and the other one by ethical and moral principles. One has legal authority but one has the real power over the prisoners. Gen Irwin is appointed as leader by the prisoners due to his reputation outside the prison, his values and charisma but also his position of prisoner. The others saw him as one of them that will truly represent their interests. The way each leader will impose his power is presented in an antithesis. Irwin tries to lead its men by creating value and positive attitude but the other one tried to lead by sever punishments. He controlled them through fear and unethical behavior taking advantage of his superior position. People trust one and fear the other one. Winter only wanted benefits for him, to be recognized as a good leader between its peers and had no regard for the prisoners. He was proud of his performance as a prison director where no one intended to escape and no murders took place. He totally ignored the treatment he himself applied to the prisoners including killing them. In contradiction with Winter, Irwin cared about his men rather than caring about himself and how could he benefit from his position. He entrusts his men and reactivates their self respect and their attitudes of soldiers. If at the start of the movie the prisoners were not collaborating with each other and were even fighting for insignificant reasons, after Gen. Irwin takes command, the prisoners become a team and start to trust and to help each other. (as for example when one prisoner suggests that the wall isn’t build correctly he is aggressed, but Irwin delegated a small degree of power to him and makes the other ones listen to that young prisoner who will supervise the wall construction). Regarding the characteristics that made Gen. Irwin a good leader I could mention morality and ethical principles, the respect for the members of his team, ability to plan ahead using the resources available, ability to build confidence in people and motivate them to achieve a common goal, personal commitment to that goal (that lead to his death) and also viewing only the best in the members of his team, in contradiction with Winter who only searched for the worst in the people and use those negative traits to manipulate the prisoners and achieve his own goals. Winter is clearly intimidated by Gen. Irwin, recognizing in this way his character and power. He will treat differently the general at first because he was a national hero and later because he is afraid of the power the general has over the inmate and that minimizes clearly his authority in that organization. Finally when he sees he cannot win the General by his side he will loose his control and try by any means to state his position. In a small degree I would agree with the type of leadership Winter practices, taking into account the environment. That was still a prison with convicted solders and therefore extreme rules have to be adopted. Punishments have to be used to maintain the order between prisoners but this does not mean that the commander of the prison has to take advantage of his position and manipulate and mock the prisoners. (The best example would be with the basket ball. That action had no educational purpose, it was only a statement of power). Although it can also be mentioned that Gen. Irwin didn’t knew how to comply with the commands given by the major authority (Winter), actually think Irwin could not ignore the bad treatments applied to the inmates, the constant rule breaking and also the respect and trust that the other prisoners had in him. Seeing the punishment that Aguilar received for saluting him was probably the decision point where the general agreed to take over the command of his team. The wall that was demolished by the prisoners is the symbolic act of recognizing their new leader and of accepting to fallow his order. In the end of the movie, Winter losses command on the prisoners, on the guards and finally on himself. Gen Irene will take his place, becoming the true leader for the prisoners but also for the guards that will prove their respect by refusing to shut him down. This story is perfectly valid for the real world business environment . In a company, the manager is not that preoccupied about the subordinates, but prizes with his performances it obtains. Also, the managers create lots of strict rules to maintain disciplines and a sustained working schedule. At first, people might obey the rules because of fearing to break the rule and losing their jobs. But they will still appoint another leader that although does not have official authority has the respect of all the employees and might help them change the situation and gain their rights within the company. This movie points out that leadership is a powerful tool with which you can bring together people and accomplish a common goal but if it is not used correctly it can bring you or your organization to self-destruction. The message displayed by the movie about the two different points of view regarding leadership is definitely found in the business world on a large scale and with other types of implications (that that violent but surly very important for the well-being of the company and of the employees ).

North vs South Essay

The United States before the civil war was basically split into two regions, the North and the South. These two regions had very different cultures, economics, and climates which led to different life styles and perspectives. Problems caused by the differences between the North and the South eventually led the nation into a great civil war- the bloodiest war in American history. The North and South had diverse climates and natural features. The North had mainly rocky and infertile lands with humid summers and snowy winters, so farming was difficult. Fast moving rivers and waterfalls were common in the North because of the many mountains. As a result, Northerners started to use waterpower to run factories. Meanwhile, in the South, the weather was usually hot and sunny, with lots of rainfall, making the growing seasons longer. The South’s lands were flatter than the North’s, making it a more ideal place for farming. The Northern and Southern population was very different. The Northern population between the years 1800 and 1860 increased massively. Because of the large amounts of immigrates from Europe, the North’s population increased from five million to thirty-one million. The South’s population, on the other hand, was made up mostly of enslaved Africans. By 1860, one third, out of twelve million people in the South, was slaves. The surroundings in the North and South led its citizens to live in contrasting places. In the North, the crowded and dirty cities along the Atlantic coast served as centers of trade and drew laborers to work in towns. When streets were improved and police forces were created, cities became the center of art, culture, and education. In the South, however, their economy was based on agriculture. As a result, towns were developed slower and trading centers were rarer than in the North. Because of the climates and geography in these two regions, they developed different economies. Economy in the North was based on many different industries such as shipping, textile, and mining. Because of coal and waterpower, manufacturing in the North developed quickly. Unlike the North’s, the South’s economy was based on agriculture. Crops such as cotton and tobacco made huge profits. Southern farmers had to use large amounts of slave labor for their plantations, so slavery was necessary to the prosperity of the Southern economy. Northerners and Southerners developed individual cultures. Cities had an important role in determining the North’s culture. New businesses brought new ideas to the North. The Northern emphasis on public education led to many schools and churches. The life in the South was really different than the North’s. The South’s agricultural system was controlled by wealthy planters who lived like the country gentlemen of England. The South had few schools or churches. Rich planters would usually hire private tutors to teach their children until they were sent to private schools. One of the few similarities of the North and South are that they both have thousands of roads, steamships, and canals. In 1850, thirty thousand miles of tracks connected far-away parts of the United States. By 1860, there were over eighty-eight thousand miles of surface roads in the North and South combined. The biggest difference between the North and the South is that the South had slavery, while the North did not. Eventually, the issue of slavery and the other differences of these two regions led to the American Civil War, which lasted for four years. However, after the civil war, the North and South, like a family, unite together and became one of the most powerful nations in the world.

Paper B1-Privacy-Related Matrix Essay

This assignment gives you an opportunity to analyze a key IT-related organizational ethical privacy issue subject to relevant laws, regulations, and policies. Both of the following sites provide sources and an excellent backdrop for issues relating to privacy protection and the law. See EPIC Report – at: http://epic.org/reports/ See List on left: HOT POLICY ISSUES and/or: https://www.eff.org/issues/privacy [see list at right on this page] This includes sub-topics discussing information privacy, privacy laws, applications and court rulings (case law is usually an extension of the basic law based on the facts from specific cases and real-world court decisions), and key privacy and anonymity issues. While the sites provide many interesting topics, be sure to focus on our class IT topics. 1. Use the template below and the list of suggested workforce privacy topics from one of the sites above to produce a matrix to map a key organizational ethical issue and how this issue is affected by laws, regulations, and policies. Use the list of normative ethics below to help you complete the matrix. Choose any three (only three) of the following list of twelve (12) principles of normative ethics described below. 2. Prepare the Ethical Dilemma matrix and include the following explanation—double-space your narrative—below the matrix: a. Why I chose the dilemma; b. Why I chose the three principles; and c. An analysis of the research used to identify the actions in the matrix. The completed matrix allows you to weigh the different issues involved and assign a rank as to the importance of the actions based on the effect on the stakeholders. 3. Submit the matrix for grading in your Assignments Folder. 4. Indicate appropriate APA reference citations for all sources. In addition to critical thinking and analysis skills, your assignment should reflect appropriate grammar and spelling, good organization, and proper business-writing style. This assignment is directly related to Paper-B2 below. The issue identified in this assignment will be used in B 2 Assignment. Make sure you read the B2 assignment below so that you understand the relationship prior to starting B1. Normative Ethics List Autonomy: the duty to maximize the individual’s right to make his or her own decisions. Beneficence: the duty to do good both individually and for all. Confidentiality: the duty to respect privacy of information and action. Equality: the duty to view all people as moral equals. Finality: the duty to take action that may override the demands of law, religion, and social customs. Justice: the duty to treat all fairly, distributing the risks and benefits equally. Non-maleficence: the duty to cause no harm, both individually and for all. Understanding/Tolerance: the duty to understand and to accept other view points if reason dictates doing so is warranted. Publicity: the duty to take actions based on ethical standards that must be known and recognized by all who are involved. Respect for persons: the duty to honor others, their rights, and their responsibilities. Showing respect others implies that we do not treat them as a mere means to our end. Universality: the duty to take actions that hold for everyone, regardless of time, place, or people involved. This concept is similar to the Categorical Imperative. Veracity: the duty to tell the truth. Ethical Dilemma Matrix: Ethical dilemma: Stakeholders 1 2 3 4 Step 1: Identify the ethical dilemma based on one of the broad categories  identified. An example (following here) might be to falsify your personal profile in a social networking site. Step 2: Identify the stakeholders involved. You, someone who reads your personal profile in a social network site, potential employers, etc. Be sure that each stakeholder category is unique and not similar to another category you use. Step 3: Choose any three of the principles that might apply such as autonomy, publicity, and veracity. Step 4: identify how the dilemma affect each stakeholder based on the principles you identified. Put this statement in the matrix next to the stakeholder. See example, next page- For example: Ethical dilemma: falsifying your profile on a social networking site Stakeholders Autonomy Publicity Veracity 1: You You have the duty to maximize the right to make your own decisions. You have the duty to take actions based on ethical standards that must be known and recognized by all who are involved. You have the duty to tell the truth 2:Other users of the networking site They have the duty to make their own decisions They make these decisions based on ethical standards that should be recognized by the person falsifying their profile They assume that the person falsifying the profile has the duty to tell the truth. 3: The social networking site The autonomy of the site is limited by law (Goldman, 2007)  Users of social networking sites are content publishers, as such the site must take actions based on legal and ethical standards and must notify users of these standards so they are known by all. As providers of content the site must conform to the laws regarding truth or be held responsible for  legal issues as defamation (making harmful false statements about someone else) or copyright infringement. (Goldman, 2007) 4 Goldman, E. (May, 2007). Social Networking Sites and the Law. Retrieved from http://www.ericgoldman.org/Resources/socialnetworkingsitesandthelaw.pdf

Retail Information System Essay

1. What are the benefits of 7-Eleven’s Retail Information System? 1) Increase sales opportunities and gain profits i) Retail Information System can amass information about customer demand, pricing, and interest in new products, such as Diet Pepsi, Zero Coke, Slurpee. Analysis of the data shows which items are selling well in which stores, which items customers are most interested in, seasonal demand for items and which items are most profitable to sell in the first place. Then, 7-Eleven can depend on the above data to order the exact quantities of products & get the maximum of profit. ii) Insights gleaned from the data also help 7-Eleven develop new products such as its fresh-food offerings that attract new customers and increase transaction size. For examples, now some 7-Eleven have the fast food counter to sell the fast food like fish ball, dumplings. It is very popular and meets the needs of the market. 2) Reduce excess inventory Through the Retail Information System, management uses this information to identify sales trend, improve product assortment, eliminate slow-moving products from inventory, and increase same-store sales by stocking products that are high in demand. It can avoid the excess inventory and save the inventory cost includes the expensive rental expenses. 3) Easy to control the inventory Retail Information System provides store managers with information on daily, weekly, and monthly sales of each item to help them determine which items to order the exact quantities they need for their stores. Managers use this information plus their on-the-spot knowledge of the neighborhood to make final order decision. Further, 7-Eleven’s orders for fresh food items are aggregated at 7-Eleven headquarters and transmitted to fresh food suppliers and bakeries for preparation and delivery the next day. It reduces the product spoilage and save the unnecessary costs. 4) Increase the competitiveness of the market 7-Eleven uses the information that they can get the respond to the needs of the customers. By tracking and analyzing its data, it knows its customers as intimately as it did when store owners talked to each customer face-to-face. Understand the customers’ need then increase the sales thus increase the competitiveness of the market. 2. Which of the strategies does the Retail Information System support? Retail Information System supports the strategies of Strengthening customer and supplier intimacy. 7-Eleven through the system to analyze the data shows which items are selling well in which stores, which items customers are most interested in, seasonal demand for items and which items are most profitable to sell in the first place. These information can give it to suppliers then they can determine to import which products from the wholesale, which season import which items, which items would import more to get most profitable. Further, these data can also give it to supplier to develop new products such as its fresh-food offerings that attract new customers. Moreover, the system consolidates these orders and transmits them to suppliers for preparation and delivery the next day of food & drink. It can reduce the transportation costs. Through making transactions in general easier and more user friendly for both customers and suppliers, the intimacy of the firm and customer/supplier will increase. This offers great incentive for both customer and supplier to continue doing business with 7-Eleven. Use information systems to develop strong ties and loyalty with customers and suppliers. It also discovers unsuspected problems, detect unrealized potential, and create a dynamic synergy with customers. They often merge their operations with those of their customers. In the integration of their operations, suppliers become more than merely useful. To tighten long-term relationship and create brand loyalty with customers and suppliers, including increasing switching costs. In conclusion, Strengthening customer and supplier intimacy lead to win-win situation.

Computed Tomography Dosimetry and Dose Risks Research Paper

Computed Tomography Dosimetry and Dose Risks - Research Paper Example Cardiac DECT scan was performed by using potential clinical protocol (GSI 15 imaging protocol, 64 sections at 0.625-mm collimation, alternating energy between 80 kVp and 140 kVp, 640 mA, 0.6-second tube rotation). Absorbed organ doses were measured by using an adult male breast (female breast attached) anthropomorphic phantom and metal oxide semiconductor field effect transistor detectors (MOSFET), and were obtained also by the computational method based on the Monte Carlo simulation (Im-PACT calculator). The MOSFET dosimeters were evaluated for reproducibility, linearity, energy, and angular dependence. Our results indicated that the MOSFET dosimeter has excellent linearity within diagnostic dose ranges, but in low dose regions, the values are less reliable. The energy dependence was about 7% at tube potentials from 80 kV to 140 kV. The results from performing GSI 15 protocol Im-PACT calculator showed that the breast, lung, stomach, and esophagus had the highest recorded absorbed or gan doses. For the same organs, the MOSFET does measurements were consistently lower than the calculated doses by Im-PACT. The estimates of radiation risk in this study are relatively small for any individual patient. The X-ray Computed Tomography technology has become the method of choice for most diagnostic imaging procedures due to the remarkable advances over the past few decades, contributing to the improvement of diagnostic image quality and the reduction of examination time and cost (AAPM 23, 2008, the International Commission on Radiological Protection Publication (ICRP) 103, 2007, Huda et al, 2008). This has led to a rapid increase in using the CT scanners around the world. In the United States alone, 62 million CT scans were performed in 2006, of which 4 million were for children (Brenner & Hall, 2007). In Japan, there are 91 scanners per million people (Coach, 2008).  

Analysis of Section 2-204 of the Uniform Contract Code Assignment

Analysis of Section 2-204 of the Uniform Contract Code - Assignment Example The offer has to be accepted and this acceptance has to be communicated to the other party. The acceptance has to be with respect to a particular consideration. Such consideration has to be in respect to the contract which is formed. The consideration is the purpose behind which every contract is formed. After the acceptance and the communication of the same, the contract starts to exist. Purpose and Function of Uniform Commercial Code: â€Å"The Uniform Commercial Code (UCC), a comprehensive code addressing most aspects of commercial law, is generally viewed as one of the most important developments in American law.† â€Å"This body of law, created by a private author, aimed to create a uniform scheme applicable to the sale of goods and commercial transactions. The UCC applies to the sales of goods and commercial transactions. The sales of goods involve the buying and selling of tangible items, such as boxes of a product. Commercial transactions include primarily banking tra nsactions and are considered debt instruments.† Understanding from the above notions with respect to the Uniform Commercial Code, we can ascertain that the Uniform Commercial Code governs and manages all the contracts formed within the different territories of the United States of America. The Uniform Commercial Code basically creates a uniform scheme and system for all the contracts which are formed in the United States of America. The Uniform Commercial Code, therefore, is a procedural and a substantive law which overlooks the affairs of all the contractual obligations taken forwards in the realm of the contract law in the United States of America. Contract of Sale: In order to understand the contract of sale, here is an example which shall help explain the infer functioning and the working of the contract for sale. Don, who is a shopkeeper, has an Apple showroom. He is running the Apple showroom in Oklahoma and manages all the Apple products.  Ã‚  

The Effect of Rising Sea Levels on Global Coasts Essay

The Effect of Rising Sea Levels on Global Coasts - Essay Example Hence, the additional burden of climate change on these resources is a matter of concern. The rise in sea level is correlated with a global rise in temperature. The geographical impacts of rising sea levels include the flooding of major coastlines, changes caused to the coral reefs and marine life, the effects on wetlands, marshlands and tidal inlets, the outcomes on hurricanes and other occurrences, and changes in the chemical composition of oceans. The future effects of global warming on ice-bound polar regions may result in increasing rises in sea levels. The purpose of this paper is to determine the various geographical effects of rising sea levels on global coasts. The ways in which these will impact on mankind will be discussed, and the measures to reduce the adverse effects will be identified. Research evidence points to a discernible effect on the earth’s climate caused by greenhouse gases which emerge mainly from anthropogenic or human activities. These effects are intensifying in the 21st century with various climatic effects including a higher rate of global sea level rise (Warrick et al: 257). Wthin 30 kilometers of the coastline, 21% of the world’s population already lives and these populations are growing at twice the global average (Nicholls et al: S69). The potential impacts of sea-level rise are being assessed, in order to formulate policies and implement appropriate remedial measures. Major changes in sea level have occurred over the centuries, which is evident from eroded landforms such as cliffs, depositional features such as coral reefs, biological indicators such as organisms whose fossils indicate the position of the old shoreline, archaelogical remains such as submerged dwellings or ports, and historical documents and records (Haslett: 128). Unlike other forms of climate change, increasing rise in sea-level is already a global problem. Rising sea levels can directly submerge low-lying wetland and dryland

The Impact of the Euro Since Its Launch Dissertation

The Impact of the Euro Since Its Launch - Dissertation Example The Euro is one of the stable currencies in the world. It is the official currency of the eurozone which consists of 17 member states of the European Union. The euro was introduced as an accounting currency on 1 January 1999. The notes and coins for the euro were brought into circulation on 1 January 2002. In the period between the introduction of the currency and the advent of its notes and coins, the preceding currencies’ notes and coins were accepted, however such currencies were fixed against the euro. The significance of the currency on a global scale can be determined by the fact that it has become second largest reserve currency in the world. Apart from that, it has also become second most traded currency all over the world after the US $. According to the statistics released by European Union, more than â‚ ¬800 billion were in circulation as at June 2010. The euro has surpassed US$ in the combined value of notes and coins in circulation all over the world. According to the estimates released by IMF, eurozone is the second largest economy in the world. Many US economists had criticized the idea of a currency such as euro. According to such economists, euro was bound to be a failure and it would not last for so long. However, euro surpassed everyone’s expectations and in a very short period of time, it evolved to be one of the most powerful currencies in the world. Most economists were against the idea of monetary unification however the success of euro proves that mone tary unification is an evolutionary process. ... However, euro surpassed everyone’s expectations and in a very short period of time, it evolved to be one of the most powerful currencies in the world. Most economists were against the idea of monetary unification however the success of euro proves that monetary unification is an evolutionary process. From these facts and figures, it can be inferred that euro has become one of the most powerful currencies in the world and it has significant impact on the global economy. 2. Euro as Reserve Currency In order for a currency to be a favoured reserve currency, it must have well developed financial markets. The euro was formed after the unification of 17 currencies of the member states of the European Union. The unification strengthened the euro financial markets and it lowered the macro-economic risks of the countries in eurozone. This was one of the reasons why euro became one of the biggest reserve currencies all around the world. It inherited its reserve status from the currencie s that dissolved into euro. Before the introduction of euro the overall share of US$ as reserve currency was 70.9% which dropped to 64% in the year 2008. On the other hand, the inherited proportion of the euro as reserve currency was 17.9% in the year in which it was introduced, i.e., 1998. One of the reasons behind the euro’s status of one of the most reserve currencies is due to German Mark. The proportion of euro as reserve currency increased to 26.5% in the year 2008. The euro has significantly affected the status of US$ as a reserve currency. Most economists are also debating the possibility of the euro replacing the US$ as the most held reserve currency. According to David

Urban Outfitters Continuing Case Study Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1000 words

Urban Outfitters Continuing Case Study - Essay Example However, small businesses are an asset to any country and really enhance the overall GDP. Limited funds are a challenge as they have a direct effect on the growth of the business because there is pressure to pay off debts and concentration on growth is low. Even once the initial investment is made, there might not be enough cash to carry on with the daily operations, and hence, capital is always the main concern. The location is of utmost importance especially in the case of the retailer. In the case study Urban Outfitters decided to focus their store openings near colleges so that the students seeking for funky designs and used clothes can easily purchase in close proximity. Location in terms of clusters and target market are factors to be considered. The proximity and unique distribution creates exclusivity and helps companies with their niche marketing tactics. Employing efficient human resource is vital for creating an impact on consumers. In the case study, Richard and Belair, h ad entrepreuniral skills and a genuine interest in running their business, therefore they did a good job. Q2) Define what a "niche" product is. Give at least three examples of niche products.   A) A niche product is the one made and marketed for a small but profitable market. It is made for a high potential market which is small in size but profitable to cater. The specific product features designed are aimed to satisfy a specific market (Advantages of Niche Marketing 2009). In order to tap this sort of a potential market, the gap in the market has to be identified. These can be customized items too for example a cake shop customizing cakes for every individual according to their choice. Occasions are always brightened with some delicacy and catering to a customized market can be profitable. Catering to the elite by exclusively creating something can also be called a niche product for example a Rolls Royce. Catering to a particular demographics, class and personality all create ni ches. A case in point can be websites that provide services for specific categories for example finding your perfect match online, relationships and dating. Such services fulfill the needs of thousands of people but are very limited in its service and not mass marketed. Q3) Explain why a niche company might have an advantage in a market. Would price necessarily be an advantage? Explain why or why not.   A) Customization and exclusivity creates the importance of a niche market. Besides these factors, satisfying the needs of specific demographics in itself is an advantage because the customer feels his/her specific wants are been catered too. In the case study, the stores were located near colleges and the college students were being targeted, therefore, the sale of used clothes was identified as the missing gap for college students that have an economical budget. Therefore, the niche market allows the company to exert out energy on reaching out to the right people. resources are no t wasted in mass marketing but are instead focused on serving the small segment of loyal customers. Price may not necessarily be an advantage as seen clearly in this case study. Richard and Belair identified the needs of college students and then further increased their product line in order to synchronize the unique feel and look of each store. Many businesses in the world that operate in niche markets do have an advantage over price such as Lexus that produces limited cars and earns

The Education System Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1750 words

The Education System - Essay Example What measures are we willing to take in order to achieve it What system are we going to introduce to our education so that we could produce individuals fit for this society Are we willing to sacrifice and violate some values such as the values of privacy and freedom just to attain this so called "perfect society" And if we do, will it be worth it What would have become of us as human beings Education is one way to implement discipline or a desired behavior of any sort. After all, it is undeniable that a nation's education system greatly influences the kind of citizens it has. The people's discipline, values, and way of living are all affected by the kind of education they were able to attain, since we all know that, before being exposed to the real world where we have to work, we have to go through education. Unless we are home schooled and aside from outside influences, we learn everything else in school: manners, culture, academics. If the education system of a society can be altered and controlled by one person, there is a great chance that he will gain control over all of the society. In Paulo Freire's "banking theory of education" from his book Pedagogy of the Oppressed, he argues that society uses education to avoid people from intervening in what they have created as the perfect society. They have come up with a system that does not allow students to think; rather they are only receptacles of teachings or deposits. He said that "the banking concept of education regards men as adaptable, manageable beings. The more students work at storing the deposits entrusted to them, the less they develop the critical consciousness which would result from their intervention in the world as transformers of that world". In this concept, students receive what the teachers give. They don't have a perception or an opinion of their own. They are only to record, memorize, and repeat without thinking. (Freire, Chapter 2). This way, it will be sure that no one stands up to change anything in the system. "The more completely they accept the passive role imposed on them, the more they tend simply to adapt to the world as it is and to the fragmented view of reality deposited in them". Thus his idea of the students being the "oppressed" and the education system being oppressive because the system has removed the students' ability to think creatively and at the same time, be contributors to the learning process so they don't only listen. Michael Foucault's concept of Panopticism, on the other hand, introduces a mechanism that involves instruments, techniques, and procedures to be able to suppress and control people's minds to make sure that discipline "reigns over society as a whole" (Foucault, Part 3: Discipline). Although this is a completely separate idea, the concept of gaining power and control is the same with Freire's "banking concept". In Foucault's book Discipline and Punish, Part Three, he compares panopticism with a plague affected town. The plague can be an illness, or a symbolic disorder of rebellions, crimes, and vagabondage. In order to contain this plague and avoid any "contagions", a system was built to supervise each and every citizen in all their movements. The town was closed and they were prohibited to leave town in pain of death. All events were under surveillance and everything was recorded. From this concept, Foucault discusses a style of architecture from Jeremy Bentham's idea wherein

Crowdfunding Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 500 words

Crowdfunding - Essay Example From this discussion it is clear that the reward can be service or product that the company offers. Just like the donation approach, the method does not have equity or financial return. The advantage of the method is that it lets capital seekers to incentivize their investors without selling ownership stake or incurring extra expenses. Equity-based offers the investors the opportunity to have a stake in the business. In this respect, the investors have a chance to trade capital for equity shares. The implication is that the contributors get a financial return on the investment, as well as, dividends.As the report highlights that  crowdfunding presents numerous advantages to the movie producer. First, the strategy facilitates access to many accredited investors in which the entrepreneur can interact and share the fundraising campaign. The borrower can review the potential investors and select the best out of a large pool.  The producer can promote the campaign through the email ne wsletter, social media, and other online marketing platforms. The media platforms mentioned above make the campaign viewable to the thousands of potential investors.  Crowdfunding offers the potential funders an opportunity to be part of the company, especially in the equity-based approach. With the equity - based approach, the funder can trade in shares. The implication is that the funder gets financial investment and dividends.

Thoreau vs Dickinson Essay Example for Free

Thoreau vs Dickinson Essay When thinking of both philosophy and poems in the transcendentalist era who are the main figures that come up? Two of the main figures Dickinson and Thoreau came up with writing based on nature and life. They wrote similarly, yet quite differently as shown in the following two quotes. â€Å"I went to the woods because I wished to live deliberately, to front only the essential facts of life and see if I could not learn what it had to teach, and not, discover that I had not lived-Thoreau and â€Å"Tell the Truth but tell it slant†¦The Truth’s superb surprise†¦ With explanation kind The truth must dazzle gradually Or every man be blind. -Dickinson.† The similarity between these two pieces, more specifically between these two quotes is a very specific theme that is imbedded, most likely for no particular reason. The theme is quite simple actually; it’s the reaction of one to a specific situation. Even though this theme wasn’t literally fixed or imbedded in these quotes on purposebecause it is not the overarching theme that is part of these quotes, it has been created naturally. Since the overarching theme is human nature a smaller theme as such can arise. The language that is presented in the above quotes is similar because it is figurative. When Thoreau says that â€Å"I had not lived† he doesn’t mean I have not lived literally. The real meaning is I had not discovered much about life in the time that I was given to do so. When Dickinson says â€Å"Or every man be blind† she is not literally telling her audience that one will literally be blind, but he will be oblivious to what is. The language in these quotes is also different as well because Dickinson uses capitalization for emphasis and Thoreau uses personification. An example of such is â€Å"†¦what it had to teach†¦Ã¢â‚¬  A person can literally teach you, but life cannot. The word â€Å"teach† personifies life and is used to put and emphasis on the fact that you can really learn what life is about when observing it. Dickinson uses capitalization for one main reason. As a unique person and writer she has created her own language and emphasis by capitalization is part it. Personification is also a major part of how Thoreau writes. He was a transcendentalist; therefore, he thought and wrote a lot of nature, both human and nonhuman, and life itself. By using personification he puts together his thoughts on nature with what is not actually part of it. As shown in the two quotes above these techniques or rather these strategies in Dickinson’s and in Thoreau’s writing have literally become a part of their writing style.

Prince of Wales Essay Example for Free

Prince of Wales Essay With close reference to Shakespeares language discuss how the characters of the Prince of Wales and Hotspur are portrayed in Henry IV Part 1. In Henry IV, Part 1; Shakespeare contrasts the two characters, Prince Henry and Hotspur. The characters are complete opposites but have a common goal. They both want to be respected. Hotspur signals his intentions from the start but it is only as you get further on in the play that you realise that Hal has the same ambitions. This play chronicles the rise and fall of Hotspur and Hals rise from being the innocuous prince to a heroic heir in one play. In Act One, Scene One, the king says: Yea, there thou makst me sin in envy, that my Northumberland should be a father to so blest a son. Since this is said in the very first scene of the play we are immediately given the impression that the kings son is not as respectable or as honourable as Hotspur. We can also see how highly regarded Hotspur is as the king gives him such warm glowing compliments with a touch of jealousy in his voice. He is not contented with his own son as he goes on to say: See riot and dishonour stain the brow of my young Harry. This indicates to the audience that Prince Hal might not be living the life that a prince would be expected to live. We get the feeling that Harry is seen as the black sheep of the family and not the successor to the throne that the king desired. Shakespeare give us this impression by not including Prince Hal in the very important meeting that took place in Act one, scene one. The king even goes as far as suggesting that some night-tripping fairy had exchanged in cradle clothes our children where they lie. This statement backs up the idea that the king is jealous of Hotspur. Shakespeare allows the kings feelings towards Hotspur and Hal to be known to the audience before we even meet the two men later in the play. The kings feelings register unconsciously in the audiences mind and we may then prejudice our opinions of Hal and Hotspur before meeting them. In Scene One, Hotspur is described as being basically the opposite of Prince Hal. We may see this when Westmoreland calls him gallant Hotspur. This statement is proof that people show Hotspur the greatest respect and indicates to us that he is brave and noble. We should note how Shakespeare uses the language to build up Hotspurs character. This lets the audience form an impression of him before they meet him. In Act One, Scene 2, the audiences opinion of Prince Hal becomes increasingly worse as we find out that he keeps company with a man by the name of Sir John Falstaff. Falstaff is fat, lazy, a drunkard and a thief. Is this the type of man that a prince would normally be friends with? The prince, laughing and joking, takes up the first part of the scene. When Fallstaff asks Hal for the time, Hal says: I see no reason why thou shouldst be so superfluous to demand the time of day. We are given the impression that Hal spends a lot of his time messing and having a name calling contest with Falstaff by the relaxed manner by which they give each other abuse. In the midst of the name-calling, we find out that some members of the Council are very angry with Hal because of his behaviour, as Fallstaff says: an old Lord of the Council rated me the other day in the street about you Sir, but I marked him not. This could suggest that Fallstaff has respect for Hal or does not want to lose such an important benefactor.

The Merger of LINKdotNET and Mobilink

The Merger of LINKdotNET and Mobilink On daily basis we face several problems and we take certain steps or decisions to resolve those problems. Some decisions are proved to be good and useful and some result in loss however, the skill of problem solving and decision making power improves with the passage of time. Similarly in organizations, management has to take several decisions to resolve different problems in order to have smooth functionality of daily operations and above all for a continuous stream of profits. There are different models available in the literature for resolving the problems and making the decisions. This document is aimed to understand the decision making and problem solving tools and techniques. In this document identification of the problem in a renowned organization operating in Pakistan is done and analysis of the decisions taken to resolve that problem is conducted. The models used for decision making in response to the problem faced by the organization are also discussed along with the limita tions and shortcomings of those models. In the end a personal evaluation is done that explored skills gained by me personally after completing this brief research study on a particular organization (Simon, 1956). Company Overview Mobilink Infinity and LINKdotNET Mobilink is the leading telecommunication service provider operating in Pakistan. It is subsidiary of Orascom Telecom that is an Egyptian company. Mobilink is serving Pakistani market since 1994 and as per the latest report from PTA (Pakistan Telecommunication Authority) Mobilink is a market leader with a market share of 31% (www.pta.gov.pk, 2010). Mobilink was only providing voice services to its customers before October 2008, when it launched Mobilink Infinity a WiMAX broadband service in one city Karachi. With high quality services and competitive pricing plans, Mobilink Infinity gained a subscriber base of more than 20,000 (www.mobilinkinfinity.com, 2010). Mobilink Infinity was being operated as a separate unit named Broad Band Unit. The major strength of the organization is its quality customer services which have set new benchmarks in Pakistan and set the new trends which were never practices before. Mobilinks broadband unit continued the same practice and delivered the service s with the same quality customer services, that is the reason that company was able to get a major market share just in one city (www.mobilinkinfinity.com, 2010). Another subsidiary of Orascom Telecom for providing broadband services in different countries is LINKdotNET. LINkdotNET commenced its operation in Pakistan by acquiring two already existing Internet Service Providers (ISPs) named as World Online (WOL) Telecom Limited and Dancom Online. LINKdotNET merged the resources of these two companies and by putting in more investment launched its operations officially on 02 February, 2008. LINKdotNET was offering its services in more than 130 cities in Pakistan and in two years this company raised its customer base up to 35,000. LINKdotNET provided services for both home and commercial users and was the second largest broadband service provider in Pakistan after PTCL (Pakistan Telecommunication Limited) (www.link.net.pk , 2010). The company got a tremendous response from the customers after its launch, but the poor management and lack of managerial skills the company failed to deliver the services as they promised. The result was that in the fi rst year of its operations the company gained a very bad reputation in the market and customers started to leave to the other service providers. However, in corporate sector LINKdotNET was still the major broadband service provider (www.link.net.pk , 2010). Background of the Problem To cater to the needs of the Broadband Internet market Orascom Telecom was operating two of its subsidiaries in Pakistan, one with the name of Mobilink Broadband Business Unit (BBU) which was mainly catering to the needs of WiMAX Internet users and was operating only in Karachi, and other was LINKdotNET with was operating in DSL, Dialup and Corporate Business Solutions for data and internet market with its operation in all major cities in Pakistan. Both of the companies were serving the same market, which was broadband internet market, to the users of same profile and almost same geographical regions. Both of the companies were independent and there was no coordination in any department, both of the companies had their separate departments, same target market and were treating each other as competitors, while both companies belonged to same parent company. This situation was causing different problems to the parent company such as confusion in the minds of consumer; high operational cost, and high marketing costs, diagram below will help understand the scenario of that time. Orascom Telecom Subsidiaries Source: (Author, 2010) Problem Identification By looking at the above diagram we it has been made clear the two companies were working in one market serving same kind of customer and with same organizational structure, at the time where competition was intense in the market, and due to increase in the operating costs and shrinking margins the profitability of the company was going down, and such structure was creating following problems for the organization. Presence of identical departments were creating increased human resource costs Marketing costs were high because of the separate marketing departments were targeting same customers and were virtually acting as competitors. Business operation costs were high because of separate network management, separate network procurement, and separate inventory management. Ambiguity in the mind of employees and consumers, who were confused about the status of both of subsidiaries, resulting in damage of brand in the eyes of customers. Managerial Decision Making Models Application In the below lines author will explore the current theories on different decision making models developed by management commentators and then author will explore the decision making process adopted by the management of Orascom Telecom, then this decision making process will be critically analyzed on managerial decision making models. Author will see which model was applies how the application of that model helped the management to make best possible decision regarding the problem identified earlier. Decision Making Models There are two decision making models that are widely used my managers in making their decision regarding their day to day business problems, one is rational decision making model and other is non-rationale decision making model (Bazerman Max, 1994). Rationale Model Rationale decision making is one the best known and most used approach, this model revolves around the thinking process and which is also called cognitive process, this model involves several steps which are explained below, there are several pros and cons of this model which are also described in below lines, this model focuses on problem solving where problem is already identified and clear in the minds of management (Bazerman Max, 1994). Rationale Decision Making Steps Source : (Author, 2010) As described in diagram above rationale decision making involves fives steps, the first step is to identify the problem, this step involves the careful analysis of the situation presented to the organization and then by this analysis the actual problem which is the cause of this situation is identified. Second step is to set the criteria for desired results required, this criteria is set to achieve the minimization of unwanted situation or elimination of them, this step is also called benchmarking of results (Gelatt, 1991). The thirds step is to find all possible solutions of the problem, this step involves the collection of all possible solutions to get rid of the current problem, this step is followed by the fourth step that is examining each of the decision option on the pre defined criteria of desired results. The final step is to identify the best possible solution to the problem and then apply that decision, and by doing this ration decision making process ends (John, 2001). Pros and Cons of Model This model supposes, before the application of the solution, that there is one best solution and hence adapts the perfectionist approach, more over critical evaluation of each and every option delays the decision making which some time cause the loses to business where external environment is turbulent (Graham, 1993). This model also take this assumption that every effect of every option can be predicted without having it tested in reality, and consequences and future implications of each decision related option are left on the discretion of decision maker (Simon, 1956). Rationale decision making requires the decision to be dependent upon the cognitive abilities and imagination of the decision maker, more over this model also require the extended time and information for the decision to be made (Bazerman Max, 1994). Non-Rationale Model Non-rationale models are the second widely used decision making models, in below lines author shall explore the main characteristics of these models. Non-Rationale Models Source: (Author, 2010) Satisficing Decision Making This is one the approaches adapted as non-rationale decision making, this approach aims for satisfying solution for the problem, rather than going for the most optimized approach, this approach is used when lengthy procedures of decision making like information needs, and evaluation of alternatives are to be avoided (Gelatt, 1991). Incremental Decision Making This decision making is required when problem at hand requires quick decision making, in this case managers make rather small responses to the problem and instead of completely eliminating it they reduce it to minimum level (John, 2001). Garbage-Can Decision Making This approach is used when the problem is clearly defined or the managers do not know what to do, this method uses trial and error approach and different solutions are tested on the basis of randomness, this approach is also used where there is emergency situation and management was not prepared to handle such situation (John, 2001). Approach Solution Employed by Orascom Telecom In below lines author will critically explore the decision making approach employed by Orascom Telecom the cater to the problem presented earlier, the problem faced by the organization was not urgent and turbulent in nature, rather its nature was more of strategic, for this kind of problem, rationale decision making is best to utilize, as the company had the time and information resources required to make such decision making, they logically opted for this and decision was made by using rationale decision making, in below lines we shall see that what decision was made how it was made by using said model. To explore this author will take step-by-step approach and will see that how each step was applied. Identification of Problem During the time in which both of the subsidiaries of Orascom Telecom were operating separately in the same market, management started to identify the problem that their profitability was decreasing due to increase in operating costs. At the same time the competition level in market was at its peak, prices were going down because of heavy competition and so was profit margins, the only way to increase or sustain profitability was to reduce costs. But Orascom Telecom was operating at redundant hierarchy by deploying two separate companies in the same market . In this scenario to sustain profitability was a challenge that management had face and to deal with they had no other option but to review their strategic business management in the broadband industry of Pakistan . Criteria Setting for Result Since Orascom Telecoms profitability was decreasing because of the high operating costs involved the criteria set for results was to increase profitability by reducing costs. Management had a clear understanding that business was growing at time as so was growing the market, but at the other hand competition was also increasing because of the entrance of new player in broadband internet market. So there was no chance of increasing profitability by increasing price and customer base. So the criteria set by the management to increase profitability by reducing costs was well justified and was based on rationality. List of Solutions At that time management of organization had two solutions to cater with this problem, the first one was to examine the profitability and operations of each of subsidiary and then close the operations of one subsidiary with less customer base and profitability. By doing this management can hand over one business to the other one and then get rid of unnecessary costs. The other solution that management was looking at to merge the operations of both of the subsidiaries and then form a new organization under the umbrella of their already well established GSM brand name Mobilink, since both the subsidiaries had same organizational structure and operational departments merger of both can be done without much disturbance in daily business operations. Examination of Each Solution Management of Orascom Telecom examined both of the solutions and their careful examination revealed following shortcomings and advantages of both of the solutions. The first which was to close the business of one unit and continue with the other one was not good for the overall image of the organization, this could have brought the negative messages for the consumer and could have hurt the brand image, the other short coming was the Mobilink BBU has the license of operating in WiMAX business and LINKdotNET had the license of operating in DSL and other high end technologies, and Orascom Telecom wanted to remain in both of the markets. So the closing of one operation would have resulted in loss of licenses and getting out of the business, however this solution could have reduced their operating costs and increase their profitability but with the above mentioned risks. Other solution which was merger of both of the unit into one consolidated unit was also expected to reduce costs by creating synergies and single operations at every department level by eliminating duel use of resources and duel costs, along with meeting the predefined selection criteria this solution also had certain benefits like merging both of the units and then re-launching operation with a big-bang was expected to bring a positive message to the potential customers that a large operator has merged their different operations and now they are in position to serve them even better. The other benefit that this solution could bring is the use of licenses of both of the subsidiaries and empowering the organization to use the full ground to play on. By employing this solution company could play in WiMAX market as well as DSL and other high end technology markets. Selection of Best Solution After the examination of the above mentioned solution choices, management decided to go for the second option and Mobilink BBU and LINKdotNET were merged for Mobilink Infinity in June 2009. After the merger, all relevant departments were merges and single point resources utilization and synergies with their GSM side of business were made possible, yes solution also resulted in layoffs but the number of employees losing jobs were less than the number could have been in case of selection of option one. Mobilink Infinity was launched to provide WiMAX and all other services that both of the organization were offering to both corporate and residential clients, that decision was able to achieve the desired results also came with the benefits of increased brand image, more clarity in employees and consumer perception of the company, so far it has been observed that companys business is growing and their profitability is increasing, and this decision is turning out to be successful one. Limitations of Process Employed Orascom Telecom employed the solution by opting for rationale decision making process, this decision turned out to be a successful decision but there are some limitations that needed to be taken care of and author have identified, by taking care of such limitations this decision could have been executed well and results could have been more fruitful, below author have discussed few limitations that are inherent in the decision (Bazerman Max, 1994). As rationale decision making is a lengthy process so it took a long time for management to complete this process, the evaluation of each option took more than a year and at the same time marketing of both subsidiaries were kept on hold, however the business didnt stop and they were selling to their customers but without marketing support (Gelatt, 1991). That time the competition in market was intense and there needed the full marketing support for any organization to win the market share, but the decision to hold all marketing activities for both of the subsidiaries and then taking one year to reach on any conclusion badly affected the business, the competition kept on building their brands, new comer were also aggressive that is why their business went down rapidly during the decision making process. Since this decision was made in the Egypt head quarters and same decision making process was in use to globally merge their broadband entities with their GSM entities, this factor also played its role in making this happen in a long time. The overall time taken by this decision was more than expected and suggested, that caused the business to miss some opportunities in the market that competition grabbed (Gelatt, 1991). Another shortcoming that author have observed with this methodology that this model is a step by step process and management cannot jump on to any other step without completing the previous one, even they know what is required and what is to be achieved and how it can be achieved they have to follow all the necessary procedures that again result in more time consuming. Since Orascom Telecom is a large organization, and they cannot afford their business to hold at any stage that is why they were unable to explore more options as solutions and only stick to two decision related options mentioned earlier, there could have been other option instead of closing and merging the business, but their evaluation stage would have cost them more loss in business that is why they were sticking to only two solutions to the defined problem (John, 2001). Another limitation with the model employed by Orascom Telecom was that this model does not support the creative decisions, since the result area is already defined and business managers are bounded with their rationality, they tend to seek and explore the decision that makes common sense and could be sold to management, to achieve the desired result of a problem there are always some run of the mill solution that pop-up in managers mind, and by following this rationale model, and in try to be rationale managers tend to ignore the creative ideas to problems that in one look may not make sense but after careful examination could have benefitted the organization more than the usual solutions(John, 2001). So there is a inherent limitation in rationale decision making model that is leads the manager to only stick to their rationale and make the decision that are acceptable in masses and ignore the creative options that come into mind, another reason of ignoring creative decision is that rationale model is already and lengthy process to follow and managers tend to stay away from creative process because such ideas would require them to evaluate and predict their implications, and this again will result in extended time taken in decision making and managers have the pressure to make the decision on time so that problem can be rectified in due time (Graham, 1993). How to Company Could Avoid Limitations As author mentioned above that decision making process took more than a year to get reached on, organization had to suffer their valuable opportunities that could have been exploited otherwise, and the solution to this limitation, in author point of view is that they should have employed the parallel analysis techniques, instead of deploying all the resources to one step at one time, they could have increased the number of managers working on the this problem and then ask them to parallel on each step, in this way the amount of time consumed in making decision could be reduced to few months. This could have also achieved by employing dedicated resources to this situation and realizing the fact the competitive environment in Pakistan in different from the competitive environment in Egypt and by using dedicated resources in Pakistan and by doing parallel analysis and execution of the process they could have achieved the desired results in minimum time(Graham, 1993). Another problem with the approach employed by the organization was to keep everything on hold for the period of decision making, while the external competitive environment was turbulent and competitive, their decision to hold all marketing activities for the period of transition was not effective, by doing this they lost the market opportunities and they position as leading telecom player was compromised. In order to avoid such situation they should have keep on giving marketing support to their products and by the time of reaching to any solution and actually launching the new entity formed they would have not missed the market (John, 2001). How this Module Affected My Decision Making Participation is this module has positively affected my problem solving and decision making abilities, as student of management and in daily life, on work or otherwise, we daily face different problems with different level of complexities, some problem are of critical nature and some are not that important, for some problems immediate decision making is required and for some problems we need a complex decision making for which time is also required, we also face the situations where we even dont know what the actual problem is, and all this happens on continues basis and in regular intervals. This module has transformed the way I used to look at the different situations, it has also taught me that there is a solution to every problem no matter how complex it may seem in first time, after going through this module I have learned that how a complex situation can be turned into a favorable situation by carefully analyzing it, how to find the actual problem by doing root cause analysis, and not to judge any situation on its face view. I have also learned that after finding the actual problem what approached that I can employee as road map to finding the solution to my problem, I have gone through various exercise that have taught me that how I can find solution and answer to various problem on my professional life and how I can use different decision making model on my working and then in my personal life. I have also came to know that which model of decision making and problem solving best suits the different situation, how to handle problems which are of immediate nature, how to solve problem which have long term affect, by going through this module I am confident on my decision making and problem solving abilities and I can use them in my professional and personal life. Conclusion This paper was aimed to explore the various decision making models and their applications by analyzing a real time problem case study that author have made on Pakistans leading telecom company Mobilink which is a subsidiary of one the largest telecom operators in the world Orascom Telecom. In this paper, author have examined real time problem which the organization had to face, while operating broadband industry of Pakistan and being a market leader they were running two of their subsidiaries with different names and operations but in the same market, and that dual operation was badly hitting their profitability. To cater to this problem organization then employed the rationale decision making model and after going through the process of decision making, they decided to merge the operations of both of the organization, later on author has examined the limitations in the study and then discussed the steps that can be taken to avoid such shortcomings. Later in this paper author have discussed that how participation in this module have affected his decision making and problem solving abilities and how author can use the knowledge and experience gained from this module in his personal and professional life.